CE认证

欧洲

欧盟于1999年通过实施《无线电和电信终端设备（R＆TTE）指令》，开放了无线电设备的内部市场。为了进一步改善内部商品市场并增强将各种产品投放市场的条件，欧盟于2008年采用了新立法框架。通过这一新框架，欧盟提高了合格评定的质量并改善了市场监视。在这一新的立法框架下，欧盟还实施了电磁兼容性–指令2014/30 / EU，低压–指令2014/35 / EU和无线电设备–指令2014/53 / EU（也称为RED）。

我们从无线电设备指令（RED）第2.1（1）条中定义为电气或电子产品的无线电设备的定义开始，其有意发射和/或接收无线电波以进行无线电通信和/或无线电确定或必须配有附件（例如天线）的电气或电子产品，以便出于无线电通信和/或无线电确定的目的而有意发射和/或接收无线电波。我们想指出的是，RED明确覆盖了无线电接收机。

为了进一步说明范围，我们要提到的是，安装在汽车，大篷车，火车等车辆上的无线电设备必须符合RED，因此这里有一些免税项目不在讨论之列，并且还涵盖了RFID标签。

责任方

工会统一立法定义了四个不同的责任方，分别是制造商，授权代表，进口商和分销商，并将它们定义为“经济运营商”。在那些经济运营商的领导下，制造商将承担主要责任，下面是他的一些责任。

制造商必须执行合格评定程序，并且必须确保设备可以在欧盟的至少一个成员国中运行。他负责技术文档的汇编，合格声明（DoC）的发布以及产品的正确标签。还可能需要对市场上出售的无线电设备进行样品测试。

通过书面授权，制造商可以任命授权代表来代表他执行某些职责。该授权至少应包括在无线电设备投放市场后的10年内，将合格声明（DoC）和技术文档保留给国家市场监督机构的义务。上述所有其他职责也可以转让。

无线电设备的进口商应确保仅将符合要求的设备投放市场，并确保制造商正确遵守了无线电设备指令（RED）所承担的义务。

最后，当在市场上出售无线电设备时，分销商应采取适当的无线电设备指令（RED），其中包括但不限于确保产品带有正确的标签以及完整的说明和安全信息。他应确保制造商以正确的方式履行了自己的义务。基本要求

根据无线电设备指令（RED），任何无线电设备的建造方式均应确保保护人员和家畜的健康和安全，维护EMC指令中规定的电磁兼容性等级并最终确保有效利用无线电频谱以避免有害干扰。

贴标

《无线电设备指令》（RED）要求制造商在将产品投放市场时在设备上贴上CE标记。该标记的最小高度应为5 mm，并且还应在外观上清晰可见地粘贴在包装上。如果无线电设备的性质不允许至少5毫米的标记，则制造商可以在产品上贴上小于5毫米的CE标记，只要该标记保持可见和清晰即可。如果无法在产品上粘贴CE标记，则制造商只能将其清晰可见地粘贴在包装上。

如果认证机构参与了合格评定程序，则必须在CE标记之后加上与CE标记相同高度的认证机构的标识号。

公告机构

公告机构（NB）是由欧盟成员国，EEA成员国或与欧盟达成互认协议（MRA）的任何其他国家/地区的主管当局指定的第三方，以执行无线电设备指令（RED）。

提供了指定的指定机构列表

Europe

In 1999 the EU liberalized the internal market for radio equipment by implementing the Radio and Telecommunication Terminal Equipment (R&TTE) Directive. To further improve the internal market for goods and strengthen the conditions for placing a wide range of products on the market, the European Union adopted the New Legislation Framework in 2008. With this new framework the EU boosts the quality of conformity assessment and improves the market surveillance. Under this new legislation framework the EU also implements the Electromagnetic Compatibility – Directive 2014/30/EU, the Low Voltage – Directive 2014/35/EU and the Radio equipment – Directive 2014/53/EU also known as RED.

We start with the definition of radio equipment as defined in the Radio equipment directive (RED) Article 2.1(1) as an electrical or electronic product, which intentionally emits and/or receives radio waves for the purpose of radio communication and/or radio determination, or an electrical or electronic product which must be completed with an accessory, such as antenna, so as to intentionally emit and/or receive radio waves for the purpose of radio communication and/or radio determination. We want to point out that with this definition radio receivers are explicitly covered by the RED.

To further specify the scope we want to mention that radio equipment installed in vehicles such as cars, caravans, trains, etc has to comply with the RED, so there are some exemptions not discussed here, and RFID tags are also covered.

Responsible Party

The union harmonisation legislation defines four different responsible parties as there are the manufacturer, the authorised representative, the importer and the distributor and defines them as ‘economic operators’. Under those economic operators the main responsibility is put on the manufacturer and some of his responsibilities are following below.

The manufacturer has to carry out the conformity assessment procedure and has to ensure that the equipment can operate in at least one member state of the European union. He is responsible for the compilation of the technical documentation and the issuance of a Declaration of Conformity (DoC) as well as the correct labelling of the product. There may also be the need for carrying out sample testing of the radio equipment made available on the market.

By a written mandate, the manufacturer may appoint an authorised representative to carry out some of his responsibilities on his behalf. This mandate shall at least include the obligation to keep the Declaration of Conformity (DoC) and the technical documentation at the disposal of the national market surveillance authorities for 10 years after the radio equipment has been placed on the market. All of the other duties mentioned above may be transferred as well.

The importer of the radio equipment shall ensure that he is only placing compliant equipment on the market and as such that the manufacturer has followed correctly his obligations resulting form the Radio Equipment Directive (RED).

And finally the distributor shall act in due care of the Radio Equipment Directive (RED) when making radio equipment available on the market which includes but is not limited to ensuring that the product is bearing the correct labelling and accompanied by complete instructions and safety information. He shall ensure that the manufacturer has followed his obligations in correct manner. Essential requirements

In accordance with the Radio Equipment Directive (RED) any radio equipment shall be constructed in a manner as to ensure the protection of health and safety of persons and domestic animals, safeguard the level of electromagnetic compatibility as set out in the EMC directive and finally ensure the effective use of radio spectrum in order to avoid harmful interference.

Labelling

The Radio Equipment Directive (RED) obliges the manufacturer to affix the CE marking to the equipment when placing a product on the market. This marking shall have a minimum height of 5 mm and shall also be affixed visibly and legibly to the packaging. If the nature of the radio equipment does not allow a marking of at least 5 mm, the manufacturer may affix a CE marking that is smaller than 5 mm to the product as long as it remains visible and legible. If it is not possible to affix a CE marking on the product, the manufacturer may affix it visibly and legibly only to the packaging.

In case a notified body was involved in the conformity assessment procedure the CE marking has to be followed by the identification number of the notified body in the same height as the CE marking.

Notified Body

A Notified Body (NB) is a third party designated by the competent authority of the EU member state, EEA member state or any other country that has concluded a Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) with the European Union to perform the conformity assessment tasks described in the Radio Equipment Directive (RED).

A list of appointed Notified Bodies is available on the European Commissions website including address details of each Notified Body as well as the tasks for which they have been notified.

If the manufacturer has not applied or not fully applied the relevant parts of the applicable harmonised standard in order to cover Article 3.2 and 3.3 of the Radio Equipment Directive (RED), the manufacturer or his authorized representative must use a conformity assessment procedure involving a notified body. A list of all harmonized standards is available on the European Commission’s website, which also gives information on titles and references to harmonised standards in relation to the RED.

Please note that nevertheless the only valid list is the most recent one published in the Official Journal of the European Union.

For any other case it is the manufacturers own choice to perform the conformity evaluation of his radio product by involving a notified body on a voluntary basis.

Market surveillance

The Member States of the European Union are forced to take appropriate measures to ensure that radio equipment covered by the Radio Equipment Directive (RED) placed on the market complies with the requirements of the Directive. Those measures also include market surveillance activities.